Criminal Procedure
  • 1. Introduction
    • Key Constitutional Text
    • Introduction to the Fourth Amendment
    • Foundations & Terminology
  • 2. Overview of Probable Cause and Reasonable Suspicion
    • The Principles of Probable Cause and Reasonable Suspicion
    • Cases, Notes & Questions
      • Ilinois v. Gates
      • Whren v. United States
      • District of Columbia v. Wesby
    • Notes on Racial Profiling
  • 3. Consensual Encounters vs. Detentions
    • Consensual Encounters
      • Overview
      • The "Free to Terminate" Test"
      • Engaging the Suspect
      • Officer Safety Measures
      • Conducting the Investigation
      • Footnotes: Consensual Encounters
      • Cases, Notes, & Questions
        • U.S. v. Mendenhall
        • California v. Hodari D.
        • U.S. v. Lillich
    • Investigative Detentions (Terry Stops)
      • Introduction
      • Prior to the Stop: Requirements and Justifications for Investigative Detentions
      • After the Stop
        • Duration
        • De Facto Arrests
        • Officer Procedures
          • Using Force to Detain
          • Safety Precautions
            • Terry Frisks
          • Identifying Detainees
          • Questioning Detainees
          • Showups
          • Transporting Detainees
          • Other Procedures
        • Converting Detentions Into Consensual Encounters
      • Cases, Notes & Questions
        • Terry Stops, Generally
          • Terry v. Ohio
          • Minnesota v. Dickerson
          • Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada
          • Stereotyping, Profiles, and Confirmation Bias?
            • Illinois v. Wardlow
            • U.S. v. Sokolow
        • Terry Stops of Vehicles
          • U.S. v. Place
          • U.S. v. Sharpe
          • U.S. v. Arvizu
        • Terry Stops Based on Tips/Informants
          • Alabama v. White
          • Florida v. J.L.
          • Navarette v. California
      • Footnotes: Investigative Detentions (Terry Stops)
  • 4. Arrests
    • Probable Cause to Arrest
    • Arrests With & Without a Warrant
      • Cases: Arrests, Generally
        • Preliminary Discussion
        • Atwater v. City of Lago Vista
        • Virginia v. Moore
    • Warrants & In-Home Arrests
      • Cases
        • Payton v. New York
        • Welsh v. Wisconsin
        • Steagald v. United States
        • Wilson v. Arkansas
        • Richards v. Wisconsin
        • Walker v. Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government
    • Making the Arrest
    • Post-Arrest Procedure
  • 5. Search Incident to Lawful Arrest (SILA)
    • Cases
      • Chimel v. California
  • The Automobile Exception (and More on Searches Incident to Lawful Arrest)
    • Cases
      • New York v. Belton
      • California v. Carney
      • California v. Acevedo
      • Knowles v. Iowa
      • Arizona v. Gant
  • Miranda Issues
    • Oregon v. Mathiason
    • J.D.B. v. North Carolina
    • Rhode Island v. Innis
    • Illinois v. Perkins
    • North Carolina v. Butler
    • Colorado v. Spring
    • Moran v. Burdine
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  1. 3. Consensual Encounters vs. Detentions
  2. Investigative Detentions (Terry Stops)

After the Stop

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Duration
De Facto Arrests
Officer Procedures
Converting Detentions Into Consensual Encounters